1. Alcott, Bronson educator, introduced new teaching style more comprehensive than the previous
Anthony, Susan B advocate for women?s suffrage
Bancroft, George US minister to England, Secretary of Navy, supported western expansion, opposed slavery, writer
Beecher, Henry Ward pastor in 1800?s, opposed slavery, supported women?s suffrage, believed in evolution
Blackwell, Lucy Stone American feminist, abolitionist
Booth, Jon Wilkes assassinated A. Lincoln
Bryant, William Cullen romantic poet, newspaper editor who supported liberal and democratic causes
Channing, William E clergyman involved in conflict between conservatives and liberals
The Dial a review influential to the transcendentalism movement in England
?Dixie? name for American South
Emerson, Ralph Waldo American poet, lecturer, essayist, transcendentalist of the 1800?s, wrote great works
Fittshugh, George defender of slavery, published articles voicing his view
Garrison, Willam Lloyd abolitionist, published THE LIBERATOR
Hawthorne, Nathaniel famous author, his view of evil portraying strongly in his writing
Howe, Samuel G American philanthropist and blind educator, supported schools for the disabled in the 1800?s
Lind, Jenny singer, toured with PT Barnum, ?The Swedish Nightingale?
Lowell, James Russell 19TH century professor who wrote the first American-published textbook
McGuffey. William H. writer, anti-slavery
Peabody, Elizabeth write, teacher, assembled first English-speaking kindergarten in America
Phillips, Wendall radical abolitionist of the 1800?s
Rose, Ernistine L. feminist in 1800?s, led campaign that would allow women to keep land that was theirs after their marriage
Shakers religious group, founded by Ann Lee (believed herself to be God)
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady reformist, leader and advocate for the women?s rights movement, well educated, helped in abolishing slavery
Strong, George T. N.Y. lawyer, graduated from the University of Rochester
Tocqueville, Alexis De French historian, political theorist, wrote important books regarding American democracy and the French Revolution
Truth, Sojourner black slave, famous for her activities regarding slavery and women?s rights
Walker, David black abolitionist, authored ?Appeal to the Citizens of the World?
Whittier, John G. poet, abolitionist in 1800?s
Young, Brighnam leader of the Mormon Church after Joseph Smith died
Great Migration immigration to the Americas
1619 House of Burgesses approved in America, slavery begins
Nathaniel Bacon led Virginia farmers in a revolt against the colonial authorities who they believed were not providing them well enough from Indians attacks
Navigation Acts 1650-51 intended to benefit England by excluding foreign nations from trading with the colonies
Boston Tea Party colonial revolt involving the dumping of mass quantities of tea being dumped into the ocean
Proclamation Line- 1763 royal decree from George III forbidding American colonization of land to the west of the Appalachians
Writs of Assistance search warrants utilized by the British in colonial times
Sugar Act- 1764 taxes on sugar intended to help pay off America?s financial burden to England
Stamp Act Congress body assembled due to the Stamp Act ? petitioned in England
Charles Townshend responsible for many American Taxes
Lord North Britain?s Prime Minister, ?Intolerable Acts? introduced during his administration
Gaspee incident an English vessel was boarded by Americans, its crew taken, and the ship eventually burned
Quebec Act- 1774 moved Canadian border further into America and granted Canada their freedom of religion and language
Olive Branch Petition final resort by John Dickinson to keep America from going to war with England for its Independence
Declaration of Independence declared America?s Independence from England
Alcott, Louisa May famous writer, author of Little Women
Astor, John Jacob fur trade who established the American Fur Trade in America
Barnum, P.T. entertainer
Beecher, Lyman Presbyterian church official, made a famous speech after Alexander Hamilton?s duel
Bloomer, Amelia name adopted by the ?Bloomers,? dress reformer and lecturer on temperance
Brown, John famous abolitionist who used force in his efforts ? executed
Burritt, Elihu ?The Learned Blacksmith,? American pacifist social reformer
Chautauqua movement intellectual movement that transformed into a new educational program
Daguerre, Louis invented the first practical process of photography
Dickinson, Emily one of America?s greatest writers
Douglas, Stephan A. US senator, ran for president, pro-slavery, influential in politics
Dred Scott Decision slave that sought freedom after his master?s death was denied it and was inherited by the master?s family although they were in a territory that did not allow slavery
Evertt, Edward Senator, minister to England, secretary of state, governor
Foster, Stephan C. popular black songwriter, wrote ?Old Folks at Home?
Fuller, Margaret author, critic, feminist in 1800?s
Gray, Asa published a manual of plants that established his career
Grimke, Angelina dedicated abolitionist
Higginson, Thomas W. abolitionist clergyman whose congregation disagreed with his anti-slavery views
Irving, Washington famous author, Americanized foreign tales
Longfellow, Henry W. famous author, poetry famous now and in his own time
Lyceum, Movement a complete education system designed to make it easier for adults to become more educated
Melville, Herman famous author, wrote Moby Dick and others based on his own experiences
Owen, Robert English industrialist and philanthropist, attempted to set a precedent in the betterment of working conditions for factory workers
Peabody, Sophia wife to Nathaniel Hawthorne, portrayed as Phoebe in The House of Seven Gables
Poe, Edgar Allen famous author, best known for his dark stories
Rush, Dr, Benjamin challenged many theories and established new ways of combating illnesses, favored women?s education, abolition, and capital punishment
Spiritualism belief that the living can communicate with dead one?s souls
Starkweather, John American general in the Revolutionary War
Stuart, Gilbert painter who painted George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, George III, and Gorge IV
Transcendentalism the philosophical doctrine that a man can attain knowledge which ?transcends? appearances or sensory phenomena
Tubman, Harriet escaped slave, abolitionist, formed Underground Railroad
Webster, Noah writer of a grammar book for children and a dictionary named after him
Willard, Emma teacher to girls in a time when this was unheard of
London Company Virginia Co., helped colonize America
Quakers religious group, plain people you think of when you hear the word
Toleration Act of 1649 granted religious freedom, issued by Virginia
Mayflower Compact form of early America government enacted in 1620
Theocracy government ruled by religious officials, no separation of church and state, but rather are merged into one
?Parsons Cause? church officials tried to collect their usual pay during an economic depression
Rev. Cotton Mather writings of historic events added his name to the list of historians in the era
Salutary Neglect term given to England?s policy of not enforcing its acts in the Americas
George III England?s king, king during time of America?s struggle for Independence
Benjamin Franklin contributed greatly to America in his technological advances, writings, and political actions
Currency Act- 1764 forbid colonies from printing paper money
Sons of Liberty formed in response to the Stamp Act, participated in the Boston Tea Party
Townshend Duties- 1766 taxed colonial imports and suspended the N.Y. assembly
Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer authored by John Dickinson, declared all taxes on revenue unconstitutional
Tea Act- 1773 imposed a colonial tax on tea which would help pay England?s colonial expenses
1ST Continental Congress delegation consisting of representatives from 12 of the 13 colonies intending to resolve colonial complaints with England
?Hessians? German mercenaries who were hired by the British to fight in the Revolutionary War
Amana Society a producing a manufacturing cooperative in Town consisting of approx. 1500 people, also the religious community of true inspiration, immigrated from Germany and founded this society
Audobon, John J the Audobon Society, studied and painted birds during his lifetime
Beecher, Catherine urged women to become economically self-sufficient specifically by entering the teaching field
Blackwell, Elizabeth first women to earn a medical degree from an American medical school, later founded an infirmary for women and children and school of medicine for women
Booth, Edwin great actor
Brownson, Orestes clergyman who wrote materials in support of the Democratic Party
Cartwright, Peter active clergyman who traveled a lot and coordinated many religious activities in the West
Cooper, James Finimore famous author, wrote The Last of the Mohicans
Darwin, Charles introduced evolution and natural selection to the world, his theories now are evident everywhere
Dix, Dorothea attempted to improve prison conditions and succeeded in many states
Douglas, Fredrick abolitionist, did everything he could for anti-slavery
Eddy, Mary Baker founded the Christian Science religion, believed that faith could heal you better than medical techniques
Finney, Charles G. preacher, revivalist, US Congregational minister
Fourier, Charles believed private property should not be allowed, French
Gag Rule designed to keep abolitionist causes outside of the House of Representatives
Greely, Horace founded the New York Tribune
Holmes, Oliver Wendell author and physician who combined fictional settings, characters, and dialogue with essays and poems
Liberia destination of many American slaves after they were freed
Lovejoy, Elijah P. editor of St. Louis Observer who voiced his anti-slavery views ? later killed for his views
Mann, Horace Secretary of Education, reformed the public education system
Mott, Lucretia feminist
Parkman, Francis historian who documented the roles Indians played in America
Peale, Charles Wilson painter, painted George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin
Proesser, Gabriel leader of a planned slave revolt whose plans were scratched after a bridge necessary to his plans was destroyed
Seward, William Henry leading Republican, Secretary of State
Smith, Joseph founded Mormonism
Stowe, Harriet Beecher author of Uncle Tom?s Cabin, which examined the effects of slavery on families
Thoreau, Henry David writer, famous, attacked social institutions he felt were immoral, author of ?Walden?
Trumball, John painter famous for his portraits of the Revolutionary War
Turner, Nat slave, preacher, joined with 5 other slaves to lead their people in a revolt, the Southampton Insurrection
Weems, Parson Mason wrote first biography on Washington, thought to have made up the cheery tree story
Holy Experiment a settlement of Quakers led by William Penn attempting to set a precedent in America
Fundamental Constitutions brainchild of John Locke, outline of a proposed American government send to George III for approval
Great Awakening an American wave of religious revival in the early 1700?s
Jonathan Edwards head of the Great Awakening
Albany Plan of Union a plan attempted by 7 colonies in 1754
Navigation Acts of 1660 acts that specified that all American tobacco and products of it could only be brought to Britain
Peace of Paris, 1763 treaty concluding the French and Indian War, French, Spanish, and British all participated
Patrick Henry political leader with major impact on the Southern colonies
George Grenville brought taxes on the colonies through his position in King George?s administration
Stamp Act- 1765 Grenville responsible for, intended to help pay off was debts
Declaratory Act- 1766 declared that the colonies were subject to English rule and that English law superceded any American law
Boston Massacre- 1770 not really a massacre, British troops fired onto a mob in self-defense killing 5 colonists
Coercive Acts- 1774 series of laws passed by Parliament after the Boston Tea Party
Gen. Thoman Gage British general in the Revolutionary War who was defeated at Bunker Hill
Common Sense pamphlet written by Thomas Paine justifying America?s cry for Independence and rallying more support for it
Valley Forge site where George Washington kept his winter quarters in Penn.
Saratoga important battle in Revolutionary War, Burgoyne surrendered to Gates
Francis Marion American military leader in the Revolutionary War
Treaty of Paris- 1783 ended Revolutionary War, gave US its Independence
Northwest Ordinance prohibited slavery in the Northwest area and established basis for statehood ? 60,000 inhabitants
2ND Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10,1775 ? appointed George Washington head of US forces ? approved Declaration of Independence ? outlined Articles of Confederation
Anti-Federalists against federalists, ratification of Constitution, strong central government ? for human rights ? mostly farmers
Genet Affair Genet was a French ambassador to the US ? tried to obtain American support for French during French war, but Washington declared neutrality and threatened to deport
Funding proposed by Hamilton ? plan in which America would pay off debts plus interest
Whiskey Tax 1791 ? caused a revolt in western Penn. ? Hamilton brought about the tax
Sedition Act prohibited support of the violent overthrow of the US government or any group promoting such ideas
Aaron Burr barely lost presidential election to Jefferson ? shot and killed Hamilton in a duel
Samuel Slater founded textile industry in the US
Yazoo Land Claims land along Yazoo given to federal government and claimed by the share holders to whom it had been sold to by Georgia
Embargo Act prohibited trade with England and France ? enacted by Jefferson
Hartford Convention federalist delegation during War of 1812 ? met to discuss government and opposition to war
Treaty of Ghent Belgium, Dec. 24, 1814 ? concluded War of 1812 ? returned captured territories to previous holder
Dartmouth College v. Woodward upheld the constitutional freedom from unreasonable government interference with contracts ? decision helped to protect rights of private property and free enterprise
American Colonization Society dedicated to the returning of emancipated slaves to America ? based upon belief that whites and blacks could not live together
Gibbons v. Ogden dealt with interstate commerce ? concluded that federal government is above state governments in dealing with interstate commerce
Thomas Hart Benton senator ? brought western support to Jackson?s party ? led senate forces against 2ND US bank ? fought gold and silver currency
Erie Canal waterway connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic
Henry Clay ?great compromiser? ? American statesman
Tariff of Abominations 1828 ? pushed the duties of almost 45% of certain manufactured items and put a heavy tariff on raw materials
The South Carolina Exposition and Protest pamphlet published by John C. Calhoun ? said that the states should nullify the tariff of 1828
Webster-Hayne Debate disagreement over nullification ? Webster against and Hayne for
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia gave up all their territory in exchange for money and territory in Oklahoma ? George gained rich oil-land
?Force Bill? ? 1832 enabled president to utilize army and navy to collect federal tariff duties
loco focos nickname given to radical Democrat in 1835
Panic of 1837 value of paper money exceeded the amount of gold and silver backing it ? president demanded payment for western lands in gold and silver instead of credit ? banks went under
Denmark Vesey planned a slave rebellion meant to kill the entire white population ? he was hung
New Harmony in Indiana ? famous as an educational and cultural center during 1820?s ? founded by George Rapp and the Harmonists who sought relief from religious persecution in Germany
Brook Farm West Rockburg, Ma. ? where George Rephs experimented with Utopian Socialism
American Temperance Union fought for the abstinence from alcohol by persuasion and law ? after 18TH amendment failed they established the AA
Stephen Austin started first American colony in Texas when it still belonged to Mexico
San Jacinto near Houston ? final battle of Texas? War for Independence
Manifest Destiny belief that the US? westward expansion, including the annexation of Texas, was divinely ordained
Santa Anna Mexican general and dictator ? defeated Texans at the Alamo ? led Mexican army in the Mexican War
Winfield Scott Whig presidential nominee in 1852 ? became general in chief of army
Wilmot Proviso amendment proposed by Wilmot forbidding slavery in territories obtained from Mexico
Compromise of 1850 a series of acts designed to contact the abolitionists of the North and the slave owners in the South
Gadsen Purchase the purchase of the bottom portion of New Mexico from Mexico in 1853 for 10 million dollars
Liberty Party first American political party to give the majority of its attention to the issue of slavery
Crittenden Compromise intended to keep South from succeeding ? allowed slavery in South, banned in North, and disallowed Congress to change it
Morill Tariff meant to help failing businesses in Civil War
Ex parte Milligan anti-war politician in Civil War ? taken by US military as Pow?s and tried under their own court system
Jefferson Davis pres. of Confederate States during the Civil War
Marquis de Lafayette French military leader who aided colonies in the Revolutionary War
Yorktown final battle of Revolutionary War ? American and French surrounded British forces
Bill of Rights first 10 amendments to the Constitution ? demanded by anti-federalist
Federalists for a strong central government ? a political party ? got the Constitution ratified
Assumption action of federal government assuming the state governments? debts from the Revolutionary War ? forced state governments into submission to the federal government
?Report on Manufacturers? 1791 ? message sent from Hamilton to Congress encouraging the US? activity in mercantilistic activities like the rest of the world
Neutrality Proclamation made by Washington stating that it was in the US? best interests to stay neutral in all foreign affairs
XYZ Affair event in which Frenchman, Mr. X, Mr. Y, Mr. Z tried to force the American government to pay a bribe to enter negotiations with the French government
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions written by Jefferson and Madison declaring the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional and null in Kentucky and Virginia
Mercy Otis Warren American author who used her writing to support the American cause
Eli Whitney American inventor of the cotton gin
War Hawks 1811- faction that wanted to US to go to war with Britain and invade Canada
Battle of New Orleans final military engagement between British and American troops ? fought two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent ? made Jackson a national hero
Rush-Bagot Treaty agreement after Treaty of Ghent limiting both the British and Americans to 4 small, armed vessels on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain
Tecumseh organizer of an Indian confederacy and later a British general
John C. Calhoun best known theorist of the doctrines of states? rights and nullification which helped inspire the South?s effort th achieve independence in the Civil War
Adams-Onis Treaty J.Q. signed ? Spain gave up Florida
Tallmadge Amendment amendment which prohibited the introduction of slaves into Missouri and would set the children of all slaves free at age 25 ? not enforced until the Civil War
Coffin Handbill propaganda for Levi Coffin, an abolitionist, who helped free slaves utilizing the underground railroad
Nicholas Biddle (1786-1844) ? Pres. of the 2ND bank of the US
Independent Treasury set up by government to handle funds ? brainchild of Martin Van Buren
Bank War caused by the bank of the US supported by President Jackson overruling Nicholas Biddle
Abolitionism idea help by many in the 18TH and 19TH centuries of eliminating slavery
Fouerism socialistic system developed by Charles Fouer that favored that creation of an economically and socially self-sufficient community
Alamo site of famous battle in Texas? War for Independence
Free Soil Party political party organized in 1848 which opposed the extension of slavery into territories and the admission of new slave states to the union
Sam Houston leader of Texans who captures Santa Anna ? forced Anna to sign papers
Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago Feb. 2, 1848 ? ended the Mexican War
?Popular sovereignty? idea that the population of a state should have the say in whether or whether or not their state would permit slavery
Uncle Tom?s Cabin written by Harriet Beecher Stowe ? told of slavery?s inhumanities ? helped start the Civil War
Bleeding Kansas title given to Kansas when fighting broke out over slavery
Freeport Doctrine Douglas? argument that the people of any territory could keep slavery out of it by refusing to pass laws allowing it
Homestead Act law allowing settlers without any capital to acquire homesteads
Edwin Staton US secretary of war under A. Lincoln
Emancipation Proclamation by Pres. Lincoln on Jan. 1, 1863, during Civil War ? led to end of slavery in US
Robert E. Lee Confederate general whose brilliance kept the Confederacy alive as long as it lasted
Baron von Steuben disciplined colonial army in Revolutionary War
Silas Deane for American Revolution ? in both Continental Congresses ? went to France to gain support for Revolutionary War
Ordinance of 1785 said Old Northwest should be sold to pay off the national debt
Daniel Shays leader of Shay?s Rebellion, a revolt of poor farmers against the federal government
Benedict Arnold Colonial general before defecting to England
Constitutional Convention May, 1789 ? G. Washington led ? wrote Constitution
Federalist Papers essays written by Hamilton and others defending the federalist cause
Bank of the U.S. Hamilton wanted, Jefferson didn?t ? Hamilton eventually won
Jay Treaty- 1794 Hamilton betrayed US? bargaining strategy to England ? written to resolve the Treaty of Paris
Barbary Pirates pirates of the coast of North Africa interfering with American commerce ? caused, ?a million for defense but not 1 cent for tribute?
Deism belief in which one relies on reason rather than revelation, and a science rather than the Bible
Albert Gallatin secretary of state ? negotiated Treaty of Ghent
Orders-in-Council orders issued by British sovereignty ? often employed in times of war
Daniel Webster Abolitionist, Senator, eloquent speaker, helped resolve many political disputes between the North and South
Marbury v. Madison case in which the Supreme Court established that it was its function to determine constitutionality
Monroe Doctrine US? rephrasing of Britain?s bi-lateral proposal stating that the US would not permit and European nation to interfere in the West
Era of Good Fellings (1820-1825) ? period when only 1 political party existed, the Democratic-Republican oarty
McCulloch v. Maryland case in which the Supreme Court ruled that Congress not only has specifically granted Constitutional powers but implied powers as well
Cumberland Road began in 1811, stretched from Illinois to western Maryland
Panic of 1819 economic panic, caused by overpopulation of frontier lands, brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, and unemployment
Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to be entered as a slave states, Maine to be entered as a free state, other Southern states to be entered as slave states, and all Northern states to be entered as free states
Corrupt Bargain Jackson?s term for the supposed collaboration of J. Q. Adams and Henry Clay in the election of 1828
Peggy Eaton Affair event in which Peggy was accused of adultery and cast out from Washington society ? Jackson tried to help and stand up for her
Maysville Road Veto Jackson?s veto for improvements of Kentucky roads on the grounds that federally financed internal improvements were unconstitutional
Nullification Ordinance alleged right that a state could nullify federal laws due to the federal governments existence because of the states? compact
Roger B. Taney Chief Justice ? famous for decision in Dred Scott case
Specie Circular required that all public lands be purchased with ?hard,? or metallic, money
?Spoils System? the practice of making appointments to a political office and of giving employment in the public service
Hudson River School (1825-1875) ? American landscape painters ? their paintings changed landscape painting in America
Mormons founded by Joseph Smith after his supposed vision and the finding of some golden plates
Seneca Falls Convention 1848 ? launched the women?s suffrage movement ? held in Seneca Falls, N.Y.
Oregon Trail pioneer route from the Columbia River to Independence, Missouri
Know-Nothing Party (1849-1860) ? secret society that discriminated against immigrants and Roman Catholics ? played upon fears of the back country farmers of immigrant population cities
Texas Question should the US take Texas although pioneers had gone in good faith with the Mexican government?
Harpers?s Ferry town ? tourist center ? founded by Robert Harper ? operated a armory and ferry ? assisted US in War of 1812 and Civil War
Ostend Manifesto written by James Buchanan ? US demanded that Spain sell us Cuba
Sumner-Brooks Affair Senator Sumner insulted Senator Brooks in a speech ? Brooks, Butler?s nephew, canned Sumner on the Senate floor
?Copperheads? partisans who obstructed the war effort
13TH Amendment abolished slavery ? after Civil War
Gettysburg big battle in the Civil War ? decided victor of the war
Pacific Railway Act hired union Pacific and Central Pacific to build a transcontinental railroad system
Crop-Lien System gave farmers credit on supplies until the harvest when they had to balance their debts
14TH Amendment all born in US are citizens of it and subject to its laws
Darwin?s Theory Evolution ? involving natural selection
Plessy v. Ferguson concluded that ?separate but equal facilities were equal
Haymarket Riot occurred in Chicago on May 4, 1886 during a labor protest rally
Ku Klux Klan secret organization dedicated to the harassment of minorities ? anti-black, anti-Jew, anti-Catholic
W.E.B. DuBois sociologist, most important black protest leader in US during first half of the 20TH century, helped create the NAACP, editor for its magazine from 1910-1934, later became identified with Communist causes
Charles Pillsbury American businessman, took a small flour mill in Minneapolis and developed it into the largest flour producer in the world (CA Pillsbury and Co.), sold mills to an English syndicate
James Fiske financier, manipulated stock and raised price of gold making himself rich, attempt at cornering the gold market foiled by Pres. Grant
Wabash Case Supreme Court case in which it was decided that individual states did not have the power to regulate interstate commerce
National Labor Union founded in 1866, began as a convention to convince Congress to limit the ork day to 8 hours, perhaps as many as 500,00 members, opposed strikes
Social Gospel a liberal movement in America Protestantism, prominent in the late 19TH century, which sought to apply Christian principles to a variety of social problems endangered by industrialization
Hull House social settlement founded in 1889 in Chicago by Jane Addams, welfare agency, combated juvenile delinquency, assisted foreign-born
?Trust? group of individuals trying to control a particular business
?Rebate? American Farmer, farmers agreed to use shipping line if those lines would lower their price
Oliver H. Kelly American agricultural organizer, secretary of the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry
Sherman Anti-Trust Act declared ?every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations? illegal
Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890, meant to back the Bland-Allison Silver Act
Samuel Gompers pres. of the American Federation of Labor, believed a healthy open relationship between management staff and work force would prevent strikes and benefit everyone
?Molly Maguires? supposed leaders of an Irish faction upset about the conditions the lived with
George Washington Plunkitt famous for a series of newspaper articles
McKinley Tariff tariff brought into effect under William McKinley, committed the country to the gold standard and promoted business confidence
Gilded Age era between the Civil War and World War I, time when growth was evident everywhere in America
Greenbacks a political party founded by western farmers
?Stalwarts? those members of the Republican part that wanted Grant to have a shot at a third term presidency rather than allow Garfield his chance for a first term
?10% Plan? guidelines that provided the assimilation of Confederate states after the Civil War
Tenure of Office Act the law of real property in federal England or the manner in which a person held or owned real property
Southern Strategy in Civil War the Confederacy?s strategy was to prevent the North from invading their claimed territory, when this failed they tried to defeat those forces in their territory
Morrill Land Grant grant of 30,000 acres of land to every senator/representative for the founding and upkeep of a minimum of 1 college
15TH Amendment prohibits the federal or state government from infringing upon a citizen the right to vote because of race, color, or previous servitude, final Reconstruction Amendment
Sharecropping system of renting land out to farmers who would work the land and then give a portion of the yield over to the owner of the land
Social Darwinism the theory that both people and entire societies follow Darwin?s theories of evolution and natural selection
Comstock Lode a find of over 340 million dollars in silver and gold unearthed in Nevada
Black Codes brought into effect under the Southern governments after the Civil War, list of things blacks could not do
Jim Crowism legislation passed in 1865 meant to further segregate different races
Gustavus Swift leading man in meat industry whose business did well with the coming of the Meat Trust
George Pullman man who brought back the railroad sleeping car, nearly developed a monopoly
Jay Gould conniving speculator who made his name by becoming an important railroad leader and stock trader
William M. Tweed political leader in NYC who became wealthy from immoral dealings, later became a senator and caught stealing
Homestead Steel Striker strike in which 300 detectives were brought into put the strike down but were forced to surrender by the factory workers, hurt Republicans in 1892 election
John D. Rockefeller wealthy through his establishment of many oil factories
?Pool? among other meanings, a trust pool is synonymous with a monopoly
U.S. v. E.C. Knight Co. the first legal cause that interpreted the Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890, dealt political interests
Knights of Labor a union first established as a secret fraternal order, but came full circle and became the first group of workers to seek the membership of all laborers
American Federation of Labor first American National Labor Union
Eugene V. Debs pres. of the American Railway Union, Socialist leader, pacifist, labor organizer, and Socialist candidate for the US presidency 5 times
William J. Bryan American political leader, editor, and lecturer known for his spellbinding oratory, leader of the movement for unlimited coinage of sliver, delivered his famous ?cross of gold? speech on the bimetallic theory
Wislon-Gormon Tariff 1894, imposed a direct tax on the incomes of American citizens and corporations, thus declaring the federal income tax unconstitutional, down away with by 16TH Amendment
?Half-Breeds? faction of Republican pary during the 1870?s and 80?s when infighting beset, who flirted coyly with civil-reform-service, main fight with the Stalwarts who would grasp the ladle that dished out the spoils, leader was James G. Blaine
Pendleton Act landmark US legislation establishing the tradition and mechanism of permanent federal employment based on merit rather than on political party affiliation (the spoils system)
Granger Movement agrarian movement in the US initiated shortly after the Civil War with the aim of improving the social, economic, and political status of farmers
Wade-Davis Bill of 1864, increased harshness of 10% Plan
Northern Strategy in Civil War West tried to divide the Confederacy by taking the Mississippi River, East tried to equal Robert E. Lee in battle
Compromise of 1877 presidential candidates tied, Republican candidate was allowed to be pres. in return for some favors
Little Big Horn ?Custer?s Last Stand,? Custer met Indians, Custer lost
Freedman?s Bureau bureau that attempted to give freed slaves a jump start on their new life
Booker T. Washington admired black leader, teacher, educated
Philip Armour as head of a meat packing company experimented with both the refrigeration and canning of meats
Cornelius Vanderbilt weathly steamboat tycoon thought to have been worth 100 million dollars when he died
Munn v. Illinois case in which the Supreme Court agreed that the government had the power to regulate private industries
Nativism policy of favoring native-born people to those of foreign-born immigrants
Acres of Diamonds lecture given by Russell Conwell, said that everyone could get rich if they tried hard enough, and once rich, could help others with their wealth
Populist Party new identity of the Farmers? Alliance, kept some old goals
Interstate Commerce Act federal law compromising a number of congressional enactments that provide for the regulation by the US government of domestic service transportation in interstate commerce. The first of these congressional enactments created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) and established reasonable and just rates.
Bland-Allison Act allowed government to purchase a set amount of silver monthly to coin
Henry Cabot Lodge Congressman, Chairman of a senate committee, author