1. "Yellow Journalism" - sensationalism journalism, lurid sheets, scandals and rumor, Pulitzer and Hearst
2. Panama Canal ? connects Atlantic and Pacific oceans across the isthmus of Panama. US wanted one especially after there was trouble in Philadelphia and Oregon couldn't reach it in time. Other opt: Nicaragua.
3. "Dollar" Diplomacy - diplomacy used by a country to promote its financial and commercial interests abroad; diplomacy that seeks to strengthen the power of a country or effect its purposes in foreign relations by the use of financial resources. Promoted by Taft.
4. Progressivism - middle class being squeezed from above (corrupt barons) and below (slums). Sought to use state power to curb the trusts and to stem the Socialist threat generally improving the common person's of life and labor.
5. Muckrakers - exposing Am. evils in 1902 and beyond; dug deep for dirt that the public loved to hate, editors financed extensive research and encouraged pugnacious writing (led to progressivism).
6. NAACP - (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) founded by W.E.B. DuBois, demanded full equality for blacks, social, and economical.
7. "Ashcan" School - a group of painters in the early 1900's called the Eight or the Ashcan school, opposed the sentimentality and academic quality then popular in American art.
8. New Freedom - Wilson's idea which favored small enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and unmonopolized markets.
9. Treaty of Versailles - peace treaty signed on June 28, 1919, at the end of World War I between Germany and the Allies.
10. Schenk Case - involved censorship, such prosecutions were confronted by the prohibition in the First Amendment the "Congress shall make no law...abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press."
11. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare - Germans announced this before WWI, they would make no exceptions for Am. vessels in the war zone.
12. League of Nations - Wilson's dream that he held onto during the making of the Versailles treaty and continued to hold onto after the treaty was made and ended up killing it.
13. Fourteen Points - Allies goals that they wanted to have when going into war; Germany surrendered to them but they weren't in the treaty.
14. Red Scare - nation wide crusade against left-wingers whose Americanism was suspect, Attorney Gen. A. Mitchell Palmer rounded up suspects - 6,000 total radicals and Socialists.
15. 18th Amendment - national prohibition
16. SaccoVanzetti Case - Mass. murder case. The accused were shoe worker Nicola Sacco and fish peddler Bartolomeo Vanzetti, Italian immigrants, charged with the murders of a paymaster and a guard and the theft of more than $15,000 dollars from a shoe factory.
17. Scopes Trial - biology teacher John Scopes was taken to court for breaking TN law by teaching evolution; defended by Nat. attorneys.
18. Harlem Renaissance - 1920's movement wren black literature and music flourished; where Jazz originated.
19. Prohibition - legal ban on the manufacture and the sale of intoxicating drink, by extension, the term also denotes those periods in history when such bans have been in force, as well as the political and social movements advocating them.
20. Ku Klux Klan - in "Bible Belt" south and west, nativist movement; antiforeignism, anti-black, anti-Catholic, anti-Jew, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, anti-gambling, anti-adultery, and anti-birth control.
21. Normalcy - the state or fact of being normal; Harding used this in a speech when it wasn't yet a word.
22. John Maynard Keynes - 1st Baron Keynes of Tilton, 1883-1946. English economist, Son of John Neville Keynes. On staff of the Treasury and its principal representative at the Paris Peace Conference.
23. Reconstruction Finance Corporation - Congress established the RFC in 1932 with the initial working capital of half a billion dollars. They became a government lending bank. Designed to provide indirect relief by assisting insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads and local governments.
24. "Brain" Trust - a small group of reform-mined intellectuals that wrote speeches for Roosevelt. They authored much of the New Deal legislation.
25. Second New Deal - the hopes of 1933 for early recovery proved illusory. Many of the hastily drafted early bills were declared unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court. These reverses, plus increasingly political opposition to Roosevelt, triggered a second flood of legislation, beginning in 1935, which some observers called the Second New Deal.
26. Dust Bowl - large area in the southern part of the great plains region of the US, much of which suffered extensively from win erosion during the 1930's. The region suffered a period of severe droughts, and the soil began to blow away.
27. Share-Our-Wealth-Plan - Senator Huey P. Long's plan which promised to make every man "king" during FDR era, every family was to receive $5,000 at the expense of the prosperous.
28. Destroyers-for-Bases Deal - Britain was in critical need of destroyers, German subs were threatening to starve England out with attacks on shipping. Roosevelt agreed to transfer 50 old model, four funnel destroyers left over from WWI to Britain. The British promised to hand over eight valuable defensive base sites as compensation.
29. Lend-Lease Act - patriotically numbered 1776 was entitled, "An Act further to promote the defense of the United States." It would send limitless supply of arms to the victims of aggression, who is turn would finish the job and keep the war on their side of the Atlantic.
30. Good Neighbor Policy - Roosevelt proclaimed in his inaugural address, "I would dedicate this nation to the policy of the Good Neighbor." A new era in relations with Latin America. The Good Neighbor Policy, with accent on consultation and nonintervention, received its acid test in Mexico.
31. Cash and Carry - 1921, the policy of selling on a cash-and-carry basis.
32. Appeasement - satisfaction, compromise, conciliation, placation, solace, soothing
33. McCarthyism - a mid-20th century political attitude characterized by opposition to elements held to be subversive and by the use of tactics involving personal attacks on individuals by means of widely publicized indiscriminate allegations on the basis of unsubstantial charges.
34. U-2 Affair - an American U-2 spy plane was shot down and its pilot captured deep inside Russia. After denials in Washington, President Eisenhower took the unprecedented step of assuming personal responsibility.
35. Containment Policy - President Truman declared that the US would help any free nation resist Communist aggression. The new policy became known as the Truman Doctrine.
36. Marshall Plan/European Recovery Program - US program of financial assistance that helped to rebuild West European nations devastated by World War II.
37. Suez Crisis - Government of Iran, supposedly influenced by the Kremlin, began to resist power of gigantic western company that began to control Iranian petroleum.
38. Sputnik - space age and practical astronautics commenced with the launching of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Unionin October 1957 and of Explorer 1 by the US in January 1958.
39. Cuban Missile Crisis ? In 1962 aerial photographs revealed that Russia was secretly installing nuclear tipped missiles in Cuba. The Soviets evidently intended to use the weapons to shield Castro and to blackmail the US into backing down in Berlin.
40. Civil Rights Movement ? Civil rights is used to imply that the state has a positive role in ensuring all citizens equal protection under law and equal opportunity to exercise the privileges of citizenship and otherwise to participate fully in national life, regardless of race, religion, sex, or other characteristics unrelated to the worth of the individual.
41. Cesar Chavez (1927-93), American labor leader, born near Yuma, Ariz. He began his efforts to create a farm workers union . Known at first as the National Farm Workers Association, the union was chartered in 1966 by the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations as the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee, with Chavez as its president.
42. Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka - The 1954 Supreme Court decision represented another turning point; reversing the 1896 ?separate but equal? ruling, the Court held that compulsory segregation in public schools denies black children protection under the law.
43. NOW - National Organization of Women is a civil rights group that fights sexual discrimination in all areas of society.
44. Bays of Pigs - unsuccessful attempt (1961) to overthrow the government of the Cuban premier Fidel Castro by U.S. ? backed Cuban exiles.
45. Taft-Hartley Act - In 1947 the attitude of the government and Congress, dominated by a Rupublican majority, underwent another change and sought to curb the power of organized labor. This law embodied a series of amendments to the NLRA.
46. Black Power Movement - Urged black Americans to build power bases by solidifying black communities into political blocs. In this way, blacks might force improvement as other minority groups in the US had done. The doctrine called for black leaders to lead black people and to be directly responsible to the people.
47. Vietnam War - Military struggle fought primarily in South Vietnam from 1959 to 1975. It began as an attempt by Communist guerillas (the so-called Vietcong) in the South, backed by Communist North Vietnam, to overthrow the government of South Vietnam. The struggle widened into a war between South Vietnam and North Vietnam and ultimately into a limited international conflict.
48. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) - international organization primarily concerned with coordinating the crude-petroleum policies of its member states. OPEC has 12 members: Algeria, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.
49. Attica - Region of ancient Greece, a peninsula jutting southeastward into the Aegean Sea and separated from Boeotia on the north by a lofty range of hills known as Parnes in the east and Cithaeron in the west; its name probably comes from the Greek word for ?peninsula.?
50. Silent Majority - On November 3, 1969, Nixon delivered a dramatic televised appeal to this group who supposedly supported the war.
51. Kent State ? When the National Guard fired at an angry crowd protesting against the Vietnam War.
52. 1973 Middle East War - Full scale war broke out between the Arabs and Israeli conflict. Egyptian troops crossed the Suez Canal and major battles occurred in the Sinai Peninsula and in the Golden Heights.
53. Robert La Follette - In the 1924 election, he ran for the progressive party and pulled 5 million votes. His supporters included the Socialist party, the American Federation of Labor, and the price pinched farmers.
54. A Mitchell Palmer - Attorney General during the 1920?s who saw red too easily during the red scare. He rounded up 6000 suspects and tried to route out radicals. He was called the fighting Quaker and after his home burned he was called The Quaking Fighter.
55. Marcus Garvey - (1887 ? 1940), American advocate of black nationalism, born in Saint Ann?s bay, Jamaica.
56. Norman Thomas - (1884 ? 1968), American Socialist party leader and six-time candidate for the U.S. presidency.
57. Bonus Army - During the depression, thousands of improvised veterans went to Washington trying to encourage the government to give them bonuses. They set up giant camps called Hooverville and created a menace to public health.
58. Fireside Chat - FDR radio addresses to the people, would discuss his plans.
59. CCC ? (Civilian Conservation Corps) - Employment in fresh-air government camps for 3 million young men, would do reforestation, fire fighting, flood control, and swamp drainage; help old folks by sending home their pay; human and natural resources conserved.
60. AAA ? (Agricultural Adjustment Administration) - through ?artificial scarcity? this agency established ?parity prices? for basic commodities.
61. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) - Federal corporation created by the US Congress in 1933. By the terms of the TVA Act, the TVA was directed to operate Wilson Dam and appurtenant plants at Muscle Shoals, Ala., to produce munitions for national defense and develop new types of fertilizers; and to develop the Tennessee River and its tributaries in the interest of navigation, flood control, and the production and distribution of electricity.
62. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: (FDIC) - Independent agency of the US government created in 1933 under a section of the Federal Reserve Act to insure deposits in banks in the event of bank failure. In 1950, the section of the act concerning the corporation was amended and made a separate law, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. The act provides up to $100,000 insurance for each depositor in an insured bank.
63. Dr. Francis Townshend - Retired physician who savings were whipped out attracted the pathetic support of 5 million senior citizens with his fantastic plan. Each senior with 60 years or over were to receive $200 a month provided that the money was spent in that month, one estimate had the scheme costing half of the national income.
64. Father Charles Coughlin - American clergyman. Ordained Roman Catholic priest (1916). Pastor of Shrine of the Little Flower, Royal Oak, Mich. (1926 ? 66).
65. Huey P. Long - (1893 ? 1935), American politician, governor of Louisiana (1928 ? 32), and US senator (1932 ? 35), known for his autocratic methods and colorful speech.
66. Social Security Act - Established in 1946. The program is the nation?s primary means of assuring a continuing income when family earnings stop or are reduced because of the retirement, death, or disability of any person who contributes to the support of the family.
67. WPA Works Progress Administration - 1935. The objective was employment on useful projects. Over a period of eight years, nearly 9 million people were given jobs.
68. Servicemen?s Readjustment Act - low interest loans for houses and schooling (or servicemen).
69. McCarren Internal Security Act, 1950 - A Wisconsin Republican Senator, Joseph R. McCarthy spectacularly charged there were known Communists in the Dept. of State. He proved utterly unable to substantiate his accusations and many feared the red hunt was turning into a witch hunt. Truman vetoed the McCarren Bill which authorized the president to arrest and detain suspicious persons during an ?internal security emergency.?
70. SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conference - Is a civil rights organization in the US. It works to gain equal rights for black Americans and other minority group through nonviolent civil protest and community development programs.
71. Office of Economic Opportunity - Was a government agency that developed and administered antipoverty programs from 1964 to 1975. The OE developed many projects that other federal agencies then continued.
72. VISTA Volunteers in Service to America - Nonsectarian philanthropic organization with headquarters in New York City, founded by the American reformers Ballington Booth and his wife, Maud Charles Booth (1865 ? 1948), in 1896.
73. ?New Federalism? - In 1969 Nixon proposed a series of major domestic reforms, which he termed the New Federalism. One of the reforms called for a minimum federal payment to every needy family with children.
74. Watergate - Designation of a major US political scandal that began with the burglary and wiretapping of the Democratic party?s campaign headquarters, engulfed President Richard M. Nixon, and many of his supporters in a variety of illegal acts, and culminated in the first resignation of a US president.